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Wireless Hacking :-

Wireless networks broadcast their packets using radio frequency or optical wavelengths. A modern laptop computer can listen in. Worse, an attacker can manufacture new packets on the fly and persuade wireless stations to accept his packets as legitimate.
The step by step procerdure in wireless hacking can be explained with help of different topics as follows:-
1) Stations and Access Points :- A wireless network interface card (adapter) is a device, called a station, providing the network physical layer over a radio link to another station.
An access point (AP) is a station that provides frame distribution service to stations associated with it.
The AP itself is typically connected by wire to a LAN. Each AP has a 0 to 32 byte long Service Set Identifier (SSID) that is also commonly called a network name. The SSID is used to segment the airwaves for usage.
2) Channels :- The stations communicate with each other using radio frequencies between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring channels are only 5 MHz apart. Two wireless networks using neighboring channels may interfere with each other.
3) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) :- It is a shared-secret key encryption system used to encrypt packets transmitted between a station and an AP. The WEP algorithm is intended to protect wireless communication from eavesdropping. A secondary function of WEP is to prevent unauthorized access to a wireless network. WEP encrypts the payload of data packets. Management and control frames are always transmitted in the clear. WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm.
4) Wireless Network Sniffing :- Sniffing is eavesdropping on the network. A (packet) sniffer is a program that intercepts and decodes network traffic broadcast through a medium. It is easier to sniff wireless networks than wired ones. Sniffing can also help find the easy kill as in scanning for open access points that allow anyone to connect, or capturing the passwords used in a connection session that does not even use WEP, or in telnet, rlogin and ftp connections.
5 ) Passive Scanning :- Scanning is the act of sniffing by tuning to various radio channels of the devices. A passive network scanner instructs the wireless card to listen to each channel for a few messages. This does not reveal the presence of the scanner. An attacker can passively scan without transmitting at all.
6) Detection of SSID :- The attacker can discover the SSID of a network usually by passive scanning because the SSID occurs in the following frame types: Beacon, Probe Requests, Probe Responses, Association Requests, and Reassociation Requests. Recall that management frames are always in the clear, even when WEP is enabled.
When the above methods fail, SSID discovery is done by active scanning
7) Collecting the MAC Addresses :- The attacker gathers legitimate MAC addresses for use later in constructing spoofed frames. The source and destination MAC addresses are always in the clear in all the frames.
Collecting the Frames for Cracking WEP :- The goal of an attacker is to discover the WEP shared-secret key. The attacker sniffs a large number of frames An example of a WEP cracking tool is AirSnort ( http://airsnort.shmoo.com ).
9) Detection of the Sniffers :- Detecting the presence of a wireless sniffer, who remains radio-silent, through network security measures is virtually impossible. Once the attacker begins probing (i.e., by injecting packets), the presence and the coordinates of the wireless device can be detected.
10) Wireless Spoofing :- There are well-known attack techniques known as spoofing in both wired and wireless networks. The attacker constructs frames by filling selected fields that contain addresses or identifiers with legitimate looking but non-existent values, or with values that belong to others. The attacker would have collected these legitimate values through sniffing.
11) MAC Address Spoofing :- The attacker generally desires to be hidden. But the probing activity injects frames that are observable by system administrators. The attacker fills the Sender MAC Address field of the injected frames with a spoofed value so that his equipment is not identified.
12) IP spoofing :- Replacing the true IP address of the sender (or, in rare cases, the destination) with a different address is known as IP spoofing. This is a necessary operation in many attacks.
13) Frame Spoofing :- The attacker will inject frames that are valid but whose content is carefully spoofed.
14) Wireless Network Probing :- The attacker then sends artificially constructed packets to a target that trigger useful responses. This activity is known as probing or active scanning.
15) AP Weaknesses :- APs have weaknesses that are both due to design mistakes and user interfaces
16) Trojan AP :- An attacker sets up an AP so that the targeted station receives a stronger signal from it than what it receives from a legitimate AP.
17) Denial of Service :- A denial of service (DoS) occurs when a system is not providing services to authorized clients because of resource exhaustion by unauthorized clients. In wireless networks, DoS attacks are difficult to prevent, difficult to stop. An on-going attack and the victim and its clients may not even detect the attacks. The duration of such DoS may range from milliseconds to hours. A DoS attack against an individual station enables session hijacking.
18) Jamming the Air Waves :- A number of consumer appliances such as microwave ovens, baby monitors, and cordless phones operate on the unregulated 2.4GHz radio frequency. An attacker can unleash large amounts of noise using these devices and jam the airwaves so that the signal to noise drops so low, that the wireless LAN ceases to function.
19) War Driving :- Equipped with wireless devices and related tools, and driving around in a vehicle or parking at interesting places with a goal of discovering easy-to-get-into wireless networks is known as war driving. War-drivers (http://www.wardrive.net) define war driving as “The benign act of locating and logging wireless access points while in motion.” This benign act is of course useful to the attackers.
Regardless of the protocols, wireless networks will remain potentially insecure because an attacker can listen in without gaining physical access.

Tips for Wireless Home Network Security

1) Change Default Administrator Passwords (and Usernames)
2) Turn on (Compatible) WPA / WEP Encryption
3) Change the Default SSID
4) Disable SSID Broadcast
5) Assign Static IP Addresses to Devices
6) Enable MAC Address Filtering
7) Turn Off the Network During Extended Periods of Non-Use
Position the Router or Access Point Safely


I AM JUST SHARING IT.......

Ever since telephone was invented it has undergone several modifications and new brands and operating system are being released every now and then over the years. These changes have been made to adapt to our various lifestyles, and phones have long since been digressed from the primary function (making and receiving calls) to much more complicated tasks. Among all the operating system being released and as far as mobile devices are concerned, Android and IPhone are the two most popular so far as they constitute more than 90% the smartphone OS market.



You’ll agree with me that IPhone operating system (OS) is slightly better than the android operating system, I strongly believe that there is multitude of reason why you should buy an android phone instead of an IPhone. Without wasting much of your time, below are nine reasons why you should buy an android phone rather than an iPhone:

1. OPEN SOURCE PLATFORM: Nothing is sweeter about an android phone than the fact that it is an open source operating system which means that as a user, you can contribute your own ideas, no matter how little it may appear, and even add applications without worrying about license and other pressing issues that may become trouble later on. To software developers, this is a plus because it helps you advertise and expand your products.

2. VENDORS ENDORSEMENT: In buying an android phone, you have a wide range of selection to make because many manufacturers such as LG, HTC Sony and Samsung support it. Android operating system(OS) also have captured the interest of some computer vendors such as Dell and Acer who have shown interest in manufacturing android based devices.
However, other mobile operating system such as IOS and Symbian are controlled solely by their manufacturers, Apple and Nokia respectively.
So tell me, which would you choose, android OS that has a wide range of support or IPhone that is supported only by their makers?

3. CUSTOM LAUNCHERS: One great feature of android OS is the ability to be customized. Like other aspects, you can easily change the launcher that comes along with your android device to any launcher of your choice. There are many custom launcher apps in Google play store and you can easily get the ones that suit your taste. You might want to change your screen layout, icons, gestures, page transitions and many more. Android OS gives you the opportunity to do this.

4. AFFORDABILITY: I know you have been waiting for this one (LOL). All the reasons I’ve been mentioning would make no sense if the price range is not treated because it is an important factor in making any purchase. As far as price is concerned, the most favourable thing is that you don’t have to worry about your budget when buying an android phone because you can get one within the range of $70 to $1000. It all depends on your choice. As you can see, android provides you with much options and features that fits your budget.

5. EASY CUSTOMIZATION: Yes, this point is self-explanatory. Android OS is great and gives you tons of options to make your device appear just the way you want it. You don’t necessarily have to continue using the default settings, and if you want to, you can easily change them. To add to it, all mobile apps downloaded from the android market are very compatible with android smartphones making their customisation easy.

6. INTERGRATED WITH GOOGLE PRODUCTS: android, being owned by Google makes the operating system (OS) connected with virtually all Google products such as Google Docs, Google+, Gmail, Google maps, etc. with this, you don’t have to look for or worry about any settings for Google services because all the necessary data and settings for Google will be copied automatically to your device which gives you access to multiple applications that you can use between phone and PC.

7. MORE FREE GAMES AND APPS: this is undoubtedly one of the best reasons you should buy an android phone because you get more free apps and games in the android market than in the apple store.

An example of these free apps is angry bird. On Google play store it is free but sold for $0.99 each in the apple store. So which would you go for?

8. WIDGETS FLEXIBILITY: This is another great feature about android worth mentioning. Widgets can be easily placed on your home screen enabling you to quickly access apps on your phone and get all info you want without opening an app. All these are easy on android OS.

9. CUSTOM ROMS: lastly but definitely not the least, you can customize the stock ROM that comes with your android device if you want. You need to do this if you want to boost your phones performance or gain access to some tools or add-ons. This might be a little tedious task, so you need to apply caution so as not to run into trouble.

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